• It's a technique where doctors use a small camera to look inside your joints.
• This method is less painful, you recover quicker, and it's very safe.
• It helps doctors see what's wrong and fix issues in knees, shoulders, and other joints accurately.

• Personalized Care: Everyone's injury is different, so treatment plans are tailored to your specific needs.
• Modern Treatments: Combining surgery (when needed), physical therapy, and education to prevent future injuries.
• Holistic Approach: We look at your overall health, aiming not just to fix the injury but also to improve your strength and fitness.

• Targeted Exercises: Designed to regain strength and flexibility.
• Physiotherapy: Helps with healing and can speed up your return to activities.
• Strengthening Routines: To build muscle and prevent future injuries.

• Know Your Body: Learning how your body works can help you use it better and avoid getting hurt.
• Right Equipment: Using proper gear for your sport can protect you from many common injuries.
• Listen to Your Body: Recognizing early signs of injury can prevent more serious problems.

• Specialized Care: For athletes and anyone who's active, getting expert care for injuries makes a big difference.
• Performance and Prevention: Besides treating injuries, sports medicine also focuses on improving performance and preventing future issues.

• Understanding sports injuries is the first step to prevention and recovery.
• Whether you're healing from an injury or looking to avoid one, it's essential to stay informed and proactive about your health.

• With advanced age some degree of bone degeneration (deterioration) is normal.Hence Cervical Spondylosis is commonly seen in the middle aged and elderly people.
• Any kind of trauma to the neck region may also result in early degeneration of the bones.
• People suffering from degenerative diseases like Osteoarthritis are more prone to develop Cervical Spondylosis.

Usually a person may have no symptoms, unless there is compression or stretching of cervical nerves or spinal cord.Symptoms may include:

• Pain and stiffness in the neck, reducing the range of movement especially rotation and lateral (sideways) movement of the head.
• Neck pain may also radiate to the shoulder and to the arms and usually gets worse with movements of neck, coughing sneezing or straining effort.
• Headache especially at the back of head.
• Tingling, burning sensation or loss of sensation at shoulder, arms or forearm.
• Nausea, giddiness and vertigo, tinnitus (ringing in ear).
• Muscle weakness or wasting of muscles of the shoulder, arms, or hands.
• Weakness in lower limbs and loss of control of the bladder and bowel movements (if spinal cord is compressed).

It can be judiciously controlled in the following ways:

• Neck exercise (with doctor consultation) to strengthen the muscles and increse the range of the movement.Exercises may be learned from a physiotherapist and practiced at home regularly.
• Restriction of neck movements by means of cervical collar may relieve pain.
• Painkillers and muscle relaxants (with doctor consultation) can also help in relieving pain Avoid any unnecessary strain in the neck area:
• Avoid driving car but if driving, wear a cervical collar and avoid any jerky movements as it may trigger pain.
• Avoid bending neck for long hours, after every two hour take a 5 minutes break and carry out neck exercise prescribed by the physiotherapist.
• Neck traction (a process of pulling) with the help of a special device may also be recommended by the doctor to relieve pain.
• Short wave diathermy or Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) may provide pain relief.Surgery may be required only in severe cases where there is significant
• loss of muscle strength or sensation or if the symptoms do not respond to the above measures.

There are more than hundred forms of arthritis and in most common of them some dietary modifications are advised to patients.This not only eases the pain but also reduces the chance of other associated complications.Some forms of arthritis like Gout has a close relationship with dietary practices.

Maintain your ideal weight- Obese people are more prone to these disorders because, excess weight puts an added burden on weight-bearing joints, which can worsen the situation.So, try to avoid excess calories and make your meals light (low-fat) and healthy.If you are obese, try to reduce the weight gradually.Do not practice fasting or crash diet as these practices do more harm than good.

• Eat a well-balanced diet- your diet should compromise of all the major food groups (cereals, pulses, milk, flesh, foods, vegetables, fruits, fats and sugars).However, the form of meat consumed can be altered.It has been observed that fish and fish based oils have some anti-inflammatory properties (due to the presence of omega-3 fatty acids) and are therefore, beneficial in arthritis.
• Fluid intake-Liberal fluid intake (up to 2-2.5 L/day) is advised.
• Vitamins and minerals- Sometimes different dietary supplements are used to correct the imbalance of vitamins and minerals.Vitamin D, C and Calcium are of utmost importance in arthritis.Some rich sources of them are milk and milk based products, leafy green vegetables, mackerel and other oily fishes.
• Regular physical exercises- Regular exercise schedule not only takes care of obesity but also provides some movement to joints.Proper exercises can be selected with the consultation of some good physical trainer.

Avoid high calorie, deep-fried fatty foods and use combination of various oils as the cooking medium (rice bran, sesame, groundnut, sunflower, safflower, cottonseed, corn, mustard, soybean oils can be used).

• In gout you have to avoid purine rich food products like glandular meat (brain, kidney, liver, heart etc), meat extracts, sea foods, sardines, beans, peas, lentils, spinach, oatmeal, yeast and yeast based products.
• Avoid alcohol completely.

Yes, some studies have indicated that omega 3 fatty acids (a type of polyunsaturated fatty acids) have some anti-inflammatory qualities.Due to this they can help in reducing joint tenderness and morning stiffness in the arthritis patients.Some rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids are fishes (salmon, mackerel, herring etc.), mustard soyabean., flaxseed and evening primrose oil.There are various supplements available in market for Arthritis patients.Are they effective? Supplements that contains Glucosamine and Chondroitin sulphate can provide some relief in Arthritis symptoms.Glucosamine not only helps in protecting joint structure but also provides pain relief and increased mobility.Similarly, Chondroitin sulphate helps in repairing the damaged articular cartilage.

It has been observed that high intake of antioxidants specially vitamin C reduces the progression of osteoarthritis.However, antioxidants cannot prevent the onset of diseases.Other antioxidants, which can be useful in Arthritis, are vitamin A and E.Some rich sources of these vitamins are wheat, papaya, pineapple, mango, citrus fruits, carrots, pumpkin, dark green leafy vegetables and tomatoes.

Yes, exercising forms an integral part of the arthritis control plan and helps in lifting the sprits.It helps to maintain: Normal muscle strength, Joint structure and Function of joint and The type and pattern of exercises have to be individualized depending on the type of arthritis, the joints involved, the range of mobility and extent of joint damage.

• Before starting an exercise programme always consult your doctor and get an individualized exercise plan made for yourself.
• Identify the type of exercise you feel more comfortable.
• Massage or apply heat/cold application to the sore joint before starting the exercise.
• Warm up before exercising by starting exercise at a slower pace.
• Know your limit and don't over do the exercise
• Do exercise at a comfortable pace and allow the muscles to relax in between.
• Doing exercise exactly as per the instruction is more important than doing it number of times.
• Wear comfortable clothes and shoes while exercising.
• While exercising avoid jerky movements.
• Cool down for 5-10 minutes after the exercise.To cool down, simply do exercise activity at a slower pace, such as walking slowly.
• Avoid exercising during flare ups i.e.when you are having symptoms.
• Stop exercising immediately if you have:
• Severe pain in chest.
• Severe breathlessness.
• Dizzy feeling or sick feeling in the stomach Note :
• In osteoarthritis of knees or hip, all exercises need to be done in non- weight bearing position (i.e.not in standing position).

• Faulty posture habit especially seen in people who tend to sit around for long time at one place (e.g.those working with computers).✅Osteoarthritis (especially in old people).
• Osteoporosis (especially in post-menopusal women).
• Tuberculosis.
• Injury to spine.
• Cancer prostate (especially in old age).
• Stress also plays an important in causing low back pain.

Usually low back pain resolves within a few days to 1-2 months.Following symptoms may be suggestive of serious low back pain:

• Weight loss, fever and chill (indicative of infection & sometimes malignancy)
• Intolerable pain, patient tosses about in bed and is unable to lie still due to pain (indicative of kidney stone or ruptured organ)
• Evolving nerve problems such as bladder/bowel problems (e.g.repeated urination without adequate control)
• Early morning stiffness (for more than 30 minutes) in a person less than 45 years of age (indicative of rheumatoid arthritis).
• Unresponsive pain (lasting for more than 2 months).

X-ray of spine, MRI (for tumor), CT (for tumor), Bone densitometry (for thinning of spine), Radionuclide scanning (for tumor and osteomyelitis- infection of the inner part of bone i.e.till bone marrow) may be advised.

Key elements of the conservative treatment for low back pain includes:

• Taking medication for pain regularly as advised.
• Maintaining proper body weight- Education and activity alteration.Certain precautions need to be taken in low back pain:
• Avoid lifting heavy objects.
• Use the legs rather than the back lifting
• Maintain proper posture while sitting and standing, do not slouch.
• Use a chair with arm rests.
• Rise from the bed by first rolling to one side and then using the arms to push to an upright position.

Brief Introduction: Spondylitis refers to the inflammation of the vertebrae, typically leading to chronic back pain and stiffness. Disc prolapse, commonly known as a slipped disc, occurs when the soft cushion of tissue between the bones in your spine pushes out, causing nerve pressure and pain. These conditions can affect any part of the spine but are categorized based on the affected region: cervical (neck), dorsal (upper back), lumbar (lower back).

Treatment Options:

o Medications: Includes NSAIDs for pain and inflammation, muscle relaxants, and in some cases, corticosteroid injections.
o Physical Therapy: Customized exercises to strengthen the back and abdominal muscles, improve flexibility, and reduce nerve pressure.
o Surgical Options: For severe cases where conservative treatments fail, surgical options like discectomy (removal of the herniated disc material that is pressing on a nerve root or the spinal cord) or spinal fusion may be considered.

Brief Introduction: Spondylitis refers to the inflammation of the vertebrae, typically leading to chronic back pain and stiffness. Disc prolapse, commonly known as a slipped disc, occurs when the soft cushion of tissue between the bones in your spine pushes out, causing nerve pressure and pain. These conditions can affect any part of the spine but are categorized based on the affected region: cervical (neck), dorsal (upper back), lumbar (lower back).

Treatment Options:

o Medications: Includes NSAIDs for pain and inflammation, muscle relaxants, and in some cases, corticosteroid injections.
o Physical Therapy: Customized exercises to strengthen the back and abdominal muscles, improve flexibility, and reduce nerve pressure.
o Surgical Options: For severe cases where conservative treatments fail, surgical options like discectomy (removal of the herniated disc material that is pressing on a nerve root or the spinal cord) or spinal fusion may be considered.

? A2: Diagnosis typically involves physical exams, medical history evaluation, and imaging tests such as X-rays, MRI, or CT scans to view the extent of the disc damage or vertebral inflammation.

A3: Preventive measures include maintaining good posture, regular exercise, weight management, and avoiding activities that strain the spine.

A4: If conservative treatments are ineffective, options may include epidural injections for pain relief, physical therapy adjustments, or considering surgical interventions.

A5: Many individuals manage their symptoms effectively with treatment and lifestyle adjustments. However, chronic conditions may require ongoing management, and surgical outcomes generally depend on the severity of the condition at the time of intervention

Brief Introduction: Spondylolisthesis is a condition where one of the vertebrae slips out of place onto the vertebra below it, which can be due to a congenital defect, injury, or degenerative changes in the spine. It can occur in any part of the spine but is most common in the lumbar region.

Treatment Options:

o Conservative Treatment: Includes physical therapy focusing on strengthening and stabilizing the spine, pain management with medications, and in some cases, bracing.
o Surgical Treatment: For more severe cases or when conservative measures fail, procedures such as spinal fusion are used to stabilize the affected vertebrae.

? A1: Common symptoms include lower back pain, stiffness, muscle tightness, and nerve-related symptoms such as sciatica.

? A2: Diagnosis involves a physical examination and imaging studies like X-rays, which can show the alignment of the vertebrae, and MRI for assessing any nerve involvement.

? A3: Risk factors include genetics, age (degenerative changes), sports that put stress on the lower back, and history of spinal injuries.

? A4: Physical therapy can be very effective in managing mild to moderate cases by strengthening the spinal and abdominal muscles and improving flexibility

? A5: The most common surgical treatment is spinal fusion, which has good success rates in alleviating pain and stabilizing the spine, particularly in cases where conservative treatment fails.

Most fractures are accompanied by intense pain when the initial injury occurs.It may become worse when you move or touch the injured area.In some cases, you may even pass out from the pain.You may also feel dizzy or chilled from shock.

• A snap or grinding sound when the injury occurs
• swelling, redness, and bruising in the injured area
• difficulty supporting weight with the injured area
• visible deformity in the injured area
• In some cases, you may see broken bone poking through your skin.

Fractures can be classified as closed or open, as well as incomplete or complete.

A closed fracture is also called a simple fracture.In a closed fracture, the broken bone doesn't break your skin.An open fracture is also called a compound fracture.In an open fracture, the ends of the broken bone tear your skin.When your bone and other internal tissues are exposed, it puts you at higher risk of infection.

In an incomplete fracture, your bone doesn't break completely.In other words, it cracks without breaking all the way through.

• hairline fracture, in which your bone is broken in a thin crack
• greenstick fracture, in which your bone is broken on one side, while the other side is bent
• buckle or torus fracture, in which your bone is broken on one side and a bump or raised buckle develops on the other side
In a complete fracture, your bone breaks completely.It's snapped or crushed into two or more pieces.Types of complete fracture include:
• single fracture, in which your bone is broken in one place into two pieces
• comminuted fracture, in which your bone is broken or crushed into three or more pieces
• compression fracture, in which your bone collapses under pressure
• nondisplaced fracture, in which your bone breaks into pieces that stay in their normal alignment
• displaced fracture, in which your bone breaks into pieces that move out of their normal alignment
• segmental fracture, in which your bone is broken in two places in a way that leaves at least one segment floating and unattached
• Incomplete fractures are more common in children.Their bones are softer than those of adults.As a result, they're more likely to bend than break.Complete fractures can happen at any age.

You can develop a fracture when your bone is impacted with greater pressure or force than it can support.This force usually occurs suddenly or is very intense.The strength of the force determines the severity of the fracture.

• falls
• direct strikes to your body
• traumatic events, such as car accidents or gunshot wounds
• injuries from sports
• Some factures like osteoporotic factures can be silent & without much reason.

Anyone can be experience a fracture.But you're more likely to develop one if you have brittle bones, or low bone density.You're more likely to develop brittle bones if you:

• are older
• have osteoporosis
• have endocrine or intestinal disorders
• are taking corticosteroids
• are physically inactive
• drink alcohol
• smoke

If you suspect you have a fracture, get medical attention immediately.Your doctor will likely ask you about your symptoms and perform a visual examination of the injured area.They may ask you to move the area in certain ways to check for pain or other signs of injury.

If they think you may have a fracture, your doctor will likely order X-rays.According to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, X-rays are the most common method of fracture diagnosis.They can create images of your bone and reveal breaks or other signs of damage.X-rays also help determine fracture type and location.

In some instances, your doctor may also order magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography scans (CT or CAT scan) to examine your bones or surrounding tissues.

If you're diagnosed with a fracture, the treatment plan will depend on its type and location.In general, your doctor will try to put the broken bone pieces back into their proper positions and stabilize them as they heal.It's important to keep pieces of broken bone immobile until they're mended.During the healing process, new bone will form around the edges of the broken pieces.If they're properly aligned and stabilized, the new bone will eventually connect the pieces.

Your doctor may use a cast to stabilize your broken bone.Your cast will likely be made from plaster or fiberglass.It will help keep the injured area stabilized and prevent broken bone pieces from moving while they heal.

In rare cases, you may need traction to stabilize the injured area.Traction stretches the muscles and tendons around your bone.Your doctor will administer it using a system of pulleys and weights positioned in a metal frame over your bed.This system will produce a gentle pulling motion that your doctor can use to stabilize the injured area.For more complex or compound fractures, you may need surgery.Your doctor may use open reduction, and internal fixation or external fixation to keep your bones from moving.In open reduction and internal fixation, your doctor will first reposition or "reduce" the pieces of broken bone into their normal alignment.Then they will connect or "fix" the broken bone.This occurs by using screws, metal plates, or both.In some cases, your doctor may insert rods through the center of your bone.In external fixation, your doctor will put pins or screws into your bone above and below the fracture site.They will connect these pins or screws to a metal stabilizing bar positioned on the outside of your skin.The bar will hold your bone in place as it heals.

Your doctor may also prescribe medication to control pain, fight infection, or manage other symptoms or complications.After the initial treatment stages, they may recommend physical therapy or other strategies to help you regain normal use.

If you experience a fracture, its location and severity will help determine how long it takes to heal.Your age and medical history can also affect your recovery process.Certain medical conditions may impair your body's ability to mend broken bones.

It may take several weeks, or sometimes months, for your fracture to heal.In most cases, the pain will subside before the healing process is complete.You will likely need to restrict movement of the injured area while it mends.You may not be able to participate in some of your normal activities.You may also have to make adjustments to your routine, until you are healed.

Once your fracture is healed, you may be able to return to your normal activities and routine.In some cases, you may need physical therapy.This will help you to regain your normal use of the injured area.Immobilizing part of your body for a long period of time can cause you to lose muscle strength and range of motion.Physical therapy can help you recover more fully.

To promote your recovery, follow your doctor's medical instructions closely.

You can't prevent all fractures.But you can work to keep your bones strong so they'll be less susceptible to damage.To maintain your bone strength, consume a nutritious diet, including foods that are rich in calcium and vitamin D.It's also important to exercise regularly.Weight-bearing exercises are particularly helpful for building and maintaining bone strength.Examples include walking, hiking, running, dancing, and weight training.

Osteoporosis has been called "the silent thief" because bone loss often causes no symptoms.People may not know that they have osteoporosis until their bones become so weak that a sudden strain, bump, or fall causes a bone fracture.An X Ray may reveal a seriously deteriorated vertebra.Once a vertebral fracture has occurred, symptoms can include severe back pain, loss of height, and spinal deformity.

The specific causes of osteoporosis are not known.However, risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing osteoporosis have been identified.A few of the risk factors are:

• Postmenopausal
• Ethnicity-Caucasian and Asian
• Family history
• Petite, small frame
• Eating disorders
• Caffeine
• Smoking
• Excessive use of alcohol
• Vitamin D deficiency
• Inactivity
• Thyroid disease
• Chronic steroid use

Bone density testing (DEXA Scan) is a quantitative estimation of Bone mass and is a readily available test to demonstrate whether Bones are Osteoporotic (Low Bone mass) or not.The test is recommended for all women over 65 years old.In addition, women with risk factors other than menopause, postmenopausal women with a history of a fracture are also advised to undergo the test.

It is a noninvasive test wherein an x-ray can show bone loss in the spine and hip area.The test takes about 10-20 minutes.

Calcium should be taken after meals in divided doses of no more than 500mg (Elemental Calcium).Calcium should preferably be be taken with vitamin D 400-800 IU.The table below lists the recommended dose based on age.

There are many excellent sources of calcium namely milk and milk products like yoghurt and cheese, eggs,ragi, fish meat, almonds, spinach and fenugreek leaves, banana etc

There are many excellent sources of calcium namely milk and milk products like yoghurt and cheese, eggs,ragi, fish meat, almonds, spinach and fenugreek leaves, banana etc

Exercise stimulates the bone remodeling cycle.Weight bearing exercises such as weight training, running, walking, biking and cross country machines will provide both aerobic and weight bearing exercise.Consult your physician before beginning an exercise program.

Exercise stimulates the bone remodeling cycle.Weight bearing exercises such as weight training, running, walking, biking and cross country machines will provide both aerobic and weight bearing exercise.Consult your physician before beginning an exercise program.

There are several medical treatments for osteoporosis.Estrogen therapy has been used to treat osteoporosis especially in post menopausal females for many years.Newer non hormonal treatment options are now available; these are the bisphosphonates like alendronate and risedronate, raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), calcitonin and newer bone forming molecules like Teriparatide.Always Talk to your Orthopaedic Surgeon/Health Care Provider to determine the best treatment option for you.

Osteoarthritis affects each person differently.In some people, it progresses quickly; in others, the symptoms are more serious.Scientists do not know yet what causes the disease, but they suspect a combination of factors, including being overweight, the aging process, joint injury, and stresses on the joints from certain jobs and sports activities.

Osteoarthritis affects each person differently.In some people, it progresses quickly; in others, the symptoms are more serious.Scientists do not know yet what causes the disease, but they suspect a combination of factors, including being overweight, the aging process, joint injury, and stresses on the joints from certain jobs and sports activities.

Osteoarthritis most often occurs at the ends of the fingers, thumbs, neck, lower back, knees, and hips.Osteoarthritis hurts people in more than their joints: their finances and lifestyles also are affected.

• The cost of treatment
• Wages lost because of disability
Lifestyle effects include

• Depression
• Anxiety
• Feeling of helplessness
• Limitations on daily activities
• Job limitations
• Trouble participating in everyday personal and family joys and responsibilities.
Despite these challenges, most people with osteoarthritis can lead active and productive lives.They succeed by using osteoarthritis treatment strategies, such as the following:

• Pain relief medications
• Rest and exercise
• Patient education and support programmes
• Learning self-care and having a "good-health attitude".

Apart from a detailed medical history and physical examination, the doctor will recommend various tests to evaluate and diagnose the condition.These include :

• Blood test for C-reactive protein (elevated in Osteoarthritis).It is also a good predictor of progression of Osteoarthritis.
• ESR and test for Rheumatoid factor to exclude Rheumatoid arthritis.
• X-ray of the affected joint which may show loss of joint space, bony marginal lipping and bony projection (spurs)
• Synovial fluid examination to rule out infection.Presence of cartilage cells in synovial fluid is an indicator of OA.
• Arthroscopy: TO visualize the joint internally.
• CT scan or MRI of the affected joint

• Controlling body weight
• Taking medication regularly as advised by the doctor.
• Eat healthy: Take high intake of antioxidants specially vitamin C that reduces the progression of osteoarthritis.Calcium and vitamin D intake should be adequate.✅Taking adequate rest
• Avoiding joint overuse or repetitive injury
• Exercise : Isometric (physical exercises in which muscles are made to act against a fixed object) strengthening of supporting muscles around joints may be helpful.Swimming is the best form of aeobic exercise for those with osteoathritis of hip or knees.Running should be avoided.
• Yoga and other alternative therapies have been scientifically documented to complement the use of drugs.( To see the proper scientific and validated yogic protocol for Arthritis, log on to
• www.bestonhealth.com
• Non Medicinal Management
• A.Effective Exercise Programme:
B.Heat Therapy

• Moist heat is better than dry heat.
• Application of deep heat before starting exercises.
• Therapies like short wave, microwave & ultrasound are most commonly used.
C.Hydrotherapy:

• Hubbard tank hydrotherapy.
D.Patellar tapping:

Patello femoral joint pain is relieved by patellar tapping to pull it medially, followed by quadriceps exercise to strengthen the vastus medialis portion particularly.E.Wedging the heel & sole:

• Lateral wedging.
Semi Invasive Techniques:

• Intra articular steroids like cortisone
• Intracuticular Hyaluronic acid
• Arthroscopic knee washouts
Medicinal:

• NSAIDS ( Non Steroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs)
• Glucosamine
• Chondroitin
• Antioxidant Vitamins
Surgery:

For patients where the comprehensive medicinal & non-medicinal management has beenineffective, surgical intervention like:

• Soft tissue release.
• Osteotomy of bones.
• Arthoplasty- THR(Total Hip Replacement),TKR(Total Knee Replacement), etc.
Surgical options available are:
• Arthroscopy & Arthroscopic debridement
• Osteotomy (Alteration of joint biomechanics by joint realignment)
• Joint replacement (Total Joint replacement, hemiarthroplasty, unicompartmental arthroplasty)
• Arthrodesis (Surgical fusion of the joint)
Aims of artificial joints are:
• Patient should be able to perform all activities of daily living.
• Joint replacement should last more than the life of the patient.
• The patient should be able to play sports.
• The total joint should be a cost saving surgery.
Hip:Ball & Socket joint.
• Ball : attached to the top of the femur
• Socket : Part of the pelvis

It is estimated that 1kg of extra body weight increases 10kg of extra vertical load on the knee joints.Hence, losing weight can help you to reduce this excess load on your joints and lessen the symptoms.

High-impact and weight-bearing exercises such as jogging, skipping, basketball, running, weight lifting should be avoided by osteoarthritis patients.

Warm bath, Jacuzzi or hot shower, hot water bottle and cold packs do reduce pain, swelling and stiffness in Osteoarthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder.Normally, a healthy immune system is programmed to protect the body from harmful foreign bodies like bacteria and viruses but in rheumatoid arthritis the immune system (defense system) of the body, for unknown reasons, starts attacking the body's healthy tissue.The reaction results in inflammation of joints causing reduction in joint space and loss of normal joint shape and alignment.

• It may begin by age 25 and usually before 50 years of age but some times seen in children too.
• May develop suddenly within a period of weeks/ months but is usually gradual (slow onset)
• Involves the joints symmetrically i.e.joints on both sides of the body are involved
• Usually affects the small joints of the hand, foot, wrist, elbow, shoulder or ankle.
• Causes inflammation resulting in pain and swelling of joints where the joint is warm and tender.
• Early morning stiffness lasting for more than one hour
• Causes symptoms in other organs of body besides the joints such as lungs, heart & eyes.
• May cause overall tiredness, weight loss and occasional fever
• Finger deformities (?swan neck' deformity and ?boutonniere' deformity) are characteristics of RA.

Apart form a detailed medical history and physical examination the doctor will recommend various tests to evaluate and diagnose the condition.

These includes: Blood test for ESR (increase in RA) and blood cell count (shows increase in white blood cells and platelets because of inflammation) . Serology test for Rheumatoid factor (an abnormal antibody), which is present in 70-80% of RA cases.X-ray is usually done to find out the degree of damage that the joint has suffered and later to monitor the progress of the disease.Synovial fluid examination to rule out infection.

Becoming aware about the disease . Taking the medications regularly . Take a diet low in fat, moderate in sugar, rich in Gamma linolenic acid (found in nuts and fish, promrose oil) and omega 3 fatty acids like nuts and fishes like salmon, mackerel, and herring.. Controlling body weight . Taking adequate rest.Acutely involved joints must be given rest or splint to reduce inflammation.. Regular exercise to strengthen muscles (as advised by the doctor) surrounding the involved joints.

Yoga and other alternative therapies have been scientifically documented to complement the use of drugs.

NSAIDs These drugs are mainly used for Pain relief and Anti-inflammatory action.

DMARDs: Methotrexate (Oral & I/V), Salzopyrine, Hydroxychloroquine, Leflunomide.Earlier medicines in this group included Gold salts, D-Penicillamine are less used now.

The Biological: The biologicals are injectible drugs- Tumor necrosis factor Alfa (TNF Alfa) blocking agents and interleukin- 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) are new drugs for RA treatment.They are expensive but have been found to benefit otherwise inadequate response patients.

The anti TNF Alfa agents- Infliximab, Etanercept and adalimumab have set new standards for RA therapy.

Stem Cell implantation: is another new, promising area for the hopeless patients.It is embryonic and adult type- principle is once implanted stem cell has potential to replicate and grow more healthy cells and hence cure the disease.

Smoking tends to increase the Rheumatoid factor (RF) concentration in blood and high concentration of RF is usually associated with severe rheumatoid disease.Besides smokers are more at risk of lung disease.Hence, it is best to quit smoking.

Although Rheumatoid arthritis may affect you daily in long run, early detection of disease and judicious management (with medications, exercise dietary modifications) can easily prevent the progress of your disease, preserve joint movement and prevent deformities.

Frequent Blood tests are required to assess the progress of disease or side effects of medication on vital organs such as liver, kidneys and bone marrow.Your doctor may advise ESR, Hemoglobin, Complete blood count, Liver function test (kidney function test (KFT) at frequent intervals.

Response to treatment may be observed as a general sense of well-being through the course of treatment with adequate treatment there may be decrease in the duration of morning stiffness, decrease in the number of swollen and painful joints.You will be able to perform your daily activities with less discomfort.Monitoring of laboratory parameters such as ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate), Rheumatoid factor, C-reactive protein also helps in assessing the disease activity and response to treatment.

Rheumatoid factor is present in blood of approximately 75% of rheumatoid arthritis patients.Those patients having RF in blood are called "Seropositive" whereas remaining 25% who do not have RF in blood are called "Seronegative".Seronegative rheumatoid arthritis patients have a better prognosis than seropositive patients.

High levels of Rheumatoid factor is commonly associated with more severe rheumatoid disease and non-joint manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis such as rheumatoid nodules, rheumatoid lung disease etc.

Colchicine is very effective for pain relief in acute gout but not used frequently due to its side effects.These drugs decrease in blood uric acid levels by increasing excretion of uric acid in urine (Probenecid and Sulfinpyrazone) or reducing production of uric acid (Allopurinol) inside the body.It is important to remember that while taking Probenecid or Sulfinpyrazone one should take plenty of water.

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an autoimmune disease primarily affecting the axial skeleton, particularly the spine and sacroiliac joints. This chronic condition is characterized by inflammatory back pain and progressive stiffness. Over time, inflammation can lead to new bone formation, causing parts of the spine to fuse in a fixed, immobile position, which might result in a forward-stooped posture. AS can also affect other joints such as the hips, shoulders, and occasionally the eyes (uveitis), heart, and lungs.

Medications:
The first line of treatment typically includes high-dose NSAIDs, which help reduce inflammation and pain. For patients with persistent symptoms, advanced therapies such as biologics (TNF-alpha inhibitors like adalimumab and etanercept, or IL-17 inhibitors like secukinumab) are prescribed. These medications can significantly reduce symptoms, prevent progression of the disease, and improve quality of life.
Physical Therapy and Exercise:
Regular exercise and physical therapy are critical to maintain joint flexibility and posture. Specific exercises designed to strengthen the back and abdominal muscles can help manage symptoms and reduce the risk of posture-related complications.
Surgery:
In cases where severe joint damage occurs, or if there is significant pain that does not respond to medication, surgical options such as spinal surgery or total hip replacement may be considered.

A1: Early signs include persistent pain and stiffness in the lower back and buttocks, which typically worsen with rest and improve with exercise. This pain often occurs in the early morning hours and can be accompanied by fatigue

A2: Diagnosis is primarily based on clinical evaluation, symptoms, and radiographic findings. Blood tests for the HLA-B27 gene and inflammatory markers can support the diagnosis, although they are not definitive. MRI scans are increasingly used to detect early signs of inflammation and structural changes in the spine.

A3: Yes, lifestyle changes play a significant role in managing AS. Regular exercise, maintaining good posture, quitting smoking, and adhering to treatment can mitigate symptoms and may slow the progression of the disease.

A4: AS can lead to complications like spinal fractures, spinal stenosis, and problems with the aortic heart valve. It can also cause inflammation in the eyes (uveitis), and less commonly, pulmonary and renal issues.

A5: While there is no cure for AS, treatments available today can greatly reduce the symptoms and progression of the disease, helping patients lead active and productive lives.

The Latarjet procedure is a surgical technique used to treat anterior shoulder instability, primarily when there is significant bone loss from the glenoid (the socket part of the shoulder joint) or when previous stabilizing surgeries have failed. This method involves transferring a small piece of bone from the coracoid process (a part of the scapula, or shoulder blade) to the front of the glenoid. This bone block acts not only as a structural support to prevent the ball of the shoulder (humeral head) from dislocating anteriorly but also serves to increase the joint's stability through muscular dynamics, as the conjoint tendon attached to the transferred bone enhances the shoulder's stability.

Surgical Technique: The Latarjet procedure is performed under general anesthesia. The surgeon makes an incision over the shoulder, removes a portion of the coracoid process with the attached tendons, and then fixes this graft to the front rim of the glenoid using screws. This effectively increases the depth of the socket and prevents dislocation.
Postoperative Care: Rehabilitation after the Latarjet surgery is crucial. It typically involves several phases, starting with immobilization in a sling, followed by gradual motion exercises, and eventually strength training to restore full function.

The Latarjet procedure is a surgical technique used to treat anterior shoulder instability, primarily when there is significant bone loss from the glenoid (the socket part of the shoulder joint) or when previous stabilizing surgeries have failed. This method involves transferring a small piece of bone from the coracoid process (a part of the scapula, or shoulder blade) to the front of the glenoid. This bone block acts not only as a structural support to prevent the ball of the shoulder (humeral head) from dislocating anteriorly but also serves to increase the joint's stability through muscular dynamics, as the conjoint tendon attached to the transferred bone enhances the shoulder's stability.

A2: Like all surgeries, Latarjet comes with risks such as infection, bleeding, and nerve injury. Specific to this procedure are risks of non-union or malunion of the graft, hardware problems, and persistent instability or stiffness.

A3: The Latarjet procedure has a high success rate, with studies showing significant improvement in stability and reduction in recurrence of dislocations in over 90% of cases.

A4: Recovery can vary but generally involves wearing a sling for 4 to 6 weeks, followed by 2 to 3 months of physical therapy. Full return to sports or heavy activities can take up to six months.

A5: Yes, besides significantly reducing the risk of dislocation, the Latarjet procedure can also improve the overall function of the shoulder, particularly in rotational movements and stability, allowing many patients to return to sports and physical activities.

Medications:
Includes NSAIDs for pain and inflammation, muscle relaxants, and in some cases, corticosteroid injections. Physical Therapy:
Customized exercises to strengthen the back and abdominal muscles, improve flexibility, and reduce nerve pressure. Surgical Options:
For severe cases where conservative treatments fail, surgical options like discectomy (removal of the herniated disc material that is pressing on a nerve root or the spinal cord) or spinal fusion may be considered.

Medications: Includes NSAIDs for pain and inflammation, muscle relaxants, and in some cases, corticosteroid injections.
o Physical Therapy: Customized exercises to strengthen the back and abdominal muscles, improve flexibility, and reduce nerve pressure.
o Surgical Options: For severe cases where conservative treatments fail, surgical options like discectomy (removal of the herniated disc material that is pressing on a nerve root or the spinal cord) or spinal fusion may be considered.

A1: Symptoms include localized pain, radiating pain along the nerve (such as sciatica in lumbar cases), numbness, tingling, and in severe cases, muscle weakness or difficulty controlling bladder or bowel functions.

A2: Diagnosis typically involves physical exams, medical history evaluation, and imaging tests such as X-rays, MRI, or CT scans to view the extent of the disc damage or vertebral inflammation.

? A3: Preventive measures include maintaining good posture, regular exercise, weight management, and avoiding activities that strain the spine.

A4: If conservative treatments are ineffective, options may include epidural injections for pain relief, physical therapy adjustments, or considering surgical interventions.

A5: Many individuals manage their symptoms effectively with treatment and lifestyle adjustments. However, chronic conditions may require ongoing management, and surgical outcomes generally depend on the severity of the condition at the time of intervention.

Spondylolisthesis is a condition where one of the vertebrae slips out of place onto the vertebra below it, which can be due to a congenital defect, injury, or degenerative changes in the spine. It can occur in any part of the spine but is most common in the lumbar region.

Conservative Treatment: Includes physical therapy focusing on strengthening and stabilizing the spine, pain management with medications, and in some cases, bracing.
Surgical Treatment: For more severe cases or when conservative measures fail, procedures such as spinal fusion are used to stabilize the affected vertebrae.

A1: Common symptoms include lower back pain, stiffness, muscle tightness, and nerve-related symptoms such as sciatica.

A2: Diagnosis involves a physical examination and imaging studies like X-rays, which can show the alignment of the vertebrae, and MRI for assessing any nerve involvement.

A3: Risk factors include genetics, age (degenerative changes), sports that put stress on the lower back, and history of spinal injuries.

A4: Physical therapy can be very effective in managing mild to moderate cases by strengthening the spinal and abdominal muscles and improving flexibility.

A5: The most common surgical treatment is spinal fusion, which has good success rates in alleviating pain and stabilizing the spine, particularly in cases where conservative treatment fails.